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( #JCKaelin here: I take special delight
in knowing that Kaelin's Restaurant in Louisville, Kentucky is a
claimant to the Cheeseburger Creator's Crown! :D ) =========
September 18: National Cheeseburger Day: -- National Cheeseburger
Day on September 18th honors America's favorite sandwich with a
slice of cheese. A few days ago, we celebrated National Double
Cheeseburger Day. This food holiday is the lighter version. While
only a single stack, this tasty burger still earns a celebration!
There are many theories to the beginning of the cheeseburger
dating back to the 1920s. One story suggests that Lionel
Sternberger invented the cheeseburger in 1926 while working at his
father's Pasadena, California sandwich shop, The Rite Spot. During
an experiment, he dropped a slice of American cheese on a sizzling
hamburger. However, like numerous iconic foods, many people and
restaurants claim the origin story. For example, a restaurant in
Los Angeles called O'Dell's placed the cheeseburger on their menu
in 1928. It came smothered with chili - all for the price of a
quarter. Kaelin's Restaurant in Louisville, Kentucky claims they
invented the cheeseburger in 1934. One record that gives the
Humpty Dumpty Drive-In in Denver, CO bragging rights is the
trademark they received in 1935 for the name "cheeseburger."
Another who applied for a trademark of that word was Gus Belt, the
founder of Steak n' Shake. Sometime in the 1930s he also applied
for the trademark. Despite all these claims, a couple of things
are for sure. The cheeseburger checks all the marks for satisfying
a craving, and the cheeseburger isn't going anywhere! To observe
National Cheeseburger Day, grill up or fry up your favorite
cheeseburger. You don't even have to cook. Visit your favorite
burger joint and order up a delicious cheeseburger. With all the
options available, you're sure to find one that fits your taste.
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September 18: Rice Krispie Treat Day: --
An unofficial holiday dedicated to the no-bake, quick to make
yummy gooey sweet treats. Since the treat is so easy to make, it
has become a staple favorite of millions of households in the U.S.
that consume the treat on a daily basis. The treat gained so much
popularity over the years that it was launched officially by
brands across the world and sold at supermarkets. To celebrate the
day, munch on some Rice Krispies and share your love for the
delicious confectionery. Rice Krispie Treat were first introduced
in a dessert book that was written by Lucy Maltby in 1938.
According to the recipe in the book, the treat was originally made
from cereal, butter, sugar, molasses, and vinegar. In 1916, a
similar recipe called Puffed Rice Brittle was introduced in
another cookbook. The recipe then saw several amendments and
additions over the years. For instance, the Campfire Girls troop
leader Mildred Day and her scouts sold hundreds of Rice Krispies
Treats during the summer of 1939. The credit for the sudden
popularity of the treats lies in the fact that the scouts added a
sweet flavor to the original concoction, and added campfire Girls
Marshmallows to the mix. Later on, this very recipe was picked up
by Kellogg's since the sweet delight was loved by kids and adults
alike. In 1941, the company added Day's recipe to the back of the
Rice Krispies cereal box. The treat was also trademarked and
became a nationwide hit due to its simple yet scrumptious flavor.
A few years and lots of advertisements later, the treats became a
common household name and were consumed by children of all ages
daily, as well as on special occasions - that's how much they
adored the flavor. In fact, Malitta Jensen and Mildred Day, who
were Kellogg's employees, also introduced a promotional vehicle
for the cereal in 1939. Holiday-themed Rice Krispie Treat versions
were also created by people. These were created using food
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September 18: National First Love Day: --
This day specifically reflects the first
butterflies-in-the-stomach feeling, the first date, and that first
spark with a romantic partner. We all encounter love with someone
we admire and this is the day to look back on the first time we
ever did. It's a bittersweet day that can be celebrated in
multiple ways. Do you remember who your first love was? National
First Love Day began in 2015 and continues to be celebrated every
year throughout the nation. The holiday started in the United
States and is celebrated nationally every year. There's no saying
as to who created this day or why. All we know is that someone
must have been remembering their first romantic partner in order
to it. It is the sweet melancholy of memories that helped begin
this national holiday. Before the holiday was established, there
were already holidays to celebrate love like the well known
Valentine's Day on February 14th and National Love Day on
September 30th. These holidays both represent a day for their
current partner, or someone in their life currently that they have
love for. National First Love Day can be celebrated the same way,
but it is more of a trip down memory lane. It was created to
remind us where it all started in our own lives and in the lives
of others. One reason it was created was to bring up those
reminders of the first time we felt love in a romantic
relationship. These reminders could be good or bad. Last year,
"Entertainment News" had an article on National First
Love Day highlighting celebrities and their first loves, which is
a great example on how to celebrate the holiday. Love has no start
date, but it began when the first human took their first step into
this world, because it comes naturally. Love is a feeling and
emotion we can give to others and can be reciprocated back to us
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September 18: World Bamboo Day: -- A day
to discover the versatility and sustainability of a plant that
offers strength, beauty, and eco-friendly solutions for various
industries. Bamboo is a fast growing, sustainable resource that
uses very little water, releases significantly more oxygen into
the air and performs well when used to make hundreds of different
types of products, from fuel and building materials to paper and
cloth. World Bamboo Day seeks to increase public awareness around
the globe, making more people aware and knowledgeable about this
amazing sustainable plant. Humans have been using bamboo for
survival for thousands of years. Native to Asia, particularly
China and India, this beautiful specimen is the fastest-growing
land plant on earth and has been used throughout history as a
building material, food source, and even for musical instruments.
In recent years, this valuable resource has become even more
important around the globe due to its combined sustainability and
functionality. For more than 30 years, the World Bamboo
Organization has been working hard to promote and increase public
understanding about the benefits and uses of bamboo. World Bamboo
Day was established in 2009 when it was declared by the Thai Royal
Forest Department at the World Bamboo Congress, which was held in
Bangkok that year. Individuals, groups and businesses all observe
this day to raise awareness about bamboo and to promote its use.
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18: Chiropractic Founders Day:
-- A day that evolved healthcare and provided a different
perspective into the art of healing. 120 years ago, this day
marked the beginning of a discipline that changed the lives of
millions of people who have now healed and are leading better
lives with the help of chiropractors. Yes, surgeries and medicines
can't cure everything. Sometimes, the human body requires a unique
cure. And though chiropractic care might take some time to provide
relief to those affected, it has proved to improve their overall
quality of life. So this Chiropractic Founders Day, focus on your
health by researching more about the day. Who knows, you might
need a chiropractor one day. Chiropractors are those individuals
who practice chiropractic care. They are known to give an accurate
diagnosis simply by discussing the problem with the affected
individual or by looking at X-rays. Chiropractors can also reveal
how a shift in the spine negatively affects other areas of health
in an individual. Once the area in the spine that is creating
problems is spotted, chiropractors physically manipulate the spine
to click it back into the right place. This is done by using
therapy such as icing and heat, or controlled press in certain
areas of the spine. Often, exercises are recommended to
individuals in order to adjust the spine back to its correct
position. Some of the common problems that people contact
chiropractors for include back and neck issues that are caused by
accidents, poor posture, or the amount of time we sit in
uncomfortable seats. For many, the problem worsens with age.
Chiropractic care has existed much before most modern doctors even
acknowledged it. According to historic evidence, the practice of
chiropractic care can be traced back to ancient Egypt and China,
as well as ancient Greece in 1500 B.C. In fact, the Greek
physician Hippocrates was known to have practiced chiropractic. He
once wrote, "Get knowledge of the spine, for this is
requisite for many diseases." However, the first chiropractic
students did not start studying this form of healing until 1897.
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( #JCKaelin here: In the words of Cornel
West, "Never forget that justice is what love looks like in
public." Very Qabalisitic too, the one to the other ;) )
========= September 18: National Respect Day: -- RESPECT - these
seven letters spell out something we all aspire to get and are
taught to give out. A dictionary definition calls 'respect' as the
feeling of admiration for someone or something, elicited by their
abilities, qualities, or achievements. We certainly were taught
respect right from childhood. We were told to respect our parents,
elders, teachers, school rules, traffic rules, our country, and
the list went on. As adults, we have come to see why this respect
matters, and we might even school those who don't show any such
feelings towards others. Another form of respect we have gradually
learned about is respecting ourselves. We learn about it, develop
it, and struggle to maintain it in the face of challenge. The
significance of respect and self-respect is why most ancient and
modern philosophers - particularly moral and political
philosophers - are so drawn to these concepts. Respect and
self-respect - as concepts - have shown up in discussions about
justice and equality, cultural diversity and toleration,
punishment, and political violence. The theory of respect is
central to many ethical debates as well, with some believing it is
the very essence of morality and others basing it as the
foundation of other moral philosophies. Much of this focus stems
from the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, the first such Western
philosopher who put respect for persons as the center of moral
theory. He insisted that persons are ends in themselves, with an
absolute dignity that must always be respected. This has become a
core thought of modern humanism and political liberalism. Even
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18 : International Equal Pay
Day: -- The Equal Pay International Coalition began this holiday
in 2019 to raise awareness about this persistent issue. Their goal
is to end pay gap discrimination. This day sheds light on how the
pay gap impacts women of color and other minorities. While many
organizations are working hard to close the gender pay gap, there
are still many Americans who deny its existence. For that reason,
people must educate themselves and those around them. If many
people don't see an issue, fixing it will be even more difficult.
International Equal Pay Day is dedicated to raising awareness
about unequal pay to women and pushing to close the gender pay
gap. In the U.S., women earned about 0.82 USD for every dollar a
man made in 2019. The pay gap for women also varies by race,
ethnicity, and disability. Those paid the least in the U.S. are
Hispanic women who are currently paid 57% of what a white man
makes. The problem with the wage gap is that it affects many
families throughout generations, where women of color accumulate
less wealth on average. This pay gap is prominent in nearly all
occupations and industries, but especially in male-dominated ones.
Female surgeons are annually paid 19B USD less than their male
counterparts. When determining wages, employers have to ensure
that affirmative defenses apply. This means that differences in
pay can be acceptable when factoring in seniority and job
description. If the pay gap is contingent on the sex of the
employees, the employer must raise a woman's pay instead of
reducing a man's pay. In 1983, legislation called the Equal Pay
Act stated that employees of all sexes should be paid the same for
jobs with similar working conditions and requiring the same amount
of skill, effort, and responsibility. The 1964 Civil Rights Act
improved on this legislation as Title VII of this act prohibited
the discrimination of people based on race, religion, color, or
sex. This is important. Women of color have often been neglected
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September 18: U.S. Air Force Day: --
September 18, 1947: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War:
The Cold War (1947-1953): Intelligence And Security Agencies: The
United States Military (The United States Armed Forces): Military
Intelligence Of The United States: National Military Establishment
(NME): The United States Department Of Defense (DoD, USDOD, DOD):
The United States Secretary Of Defense (SecDef): The Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) (Langley, The Company): The United
States National Security Council (NSC): The National Security
Resources Board: The United States Air Force (USAF): The Joint
Chiefs Of Staff (JCS): The National Security Act Of 1947: --
#BOTD: #HBD! The U.S. Air Force (USAF) is established as a
separate military service by the terms of The National Security
Act Of 1947, signed on July 26. 1947 by President Harry S. Truman.
The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S.
Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF), as a part of the U.S.
Army, on August 1, 1907, which through a succession of changes of
organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual
independence 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S.
airmen died helping to win the war, with only the infantry
suffering more casualties. In practice, the USAAF was virtually
independent of the Army during World War II, and in virtually all
ways functioned as an independent service branch, but airmen still
pressed for formal independence. The National Security Act Of 1947
was signed on July 26. 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, which
established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not until
September 18, 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W.
Stuart Symington, was sworn into office that the Air Force was
officially formed as an independent service branch. The United
States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of
the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S.
uniformed services. Initially formed as a part of the United
States Army on August 1, 1907, the USAF was established as a
separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on September 18, 1947
with the passing of the National Security Act Of 1947. It is the
second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces and the fourth in
order of precedence. The U.S. Air Force articulates its core
missions as air superiority (air supremacy), ISTAR (Intelligence,
surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (global
integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)), rapid
global mobility (airlift), global strike (strategic bombing), and
command and control (C2). The U.S. Air Force is a military service
branch organized within the Department of the Air Force (DAF), one
of the three military departments of the Department of Defense.
The Air Force through the Department of the Air Force is headed by
the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the
Secretary Of Defense and is appointed by the President with Senate
confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Air
Force is the Chief Of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises
supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint
Chiefs Of Staff (JCS). Certain Air Force components are assigned,
as directed by the Secretary Of Defense and Secretary of the Air
Force, to unified combatant commands. Combatant commanders are
delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them,
while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief Of Staff of the
Air Force retain administrative authority over their members.
Along with conducting independent air operations, the U.S. Air
Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in
the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2017, the service
operates more than 5,369 military aircraft and 406 ICBMs. It has a
156.3B USD budget and is the second largest service branch, with
320,812 active duty airmen, 145,789 civilian personnel, 69,200
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18-20, 1863: The American Civil
War (The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Western
Theater Of The American Civil War: The Chickamauga Campaign: The
Battle Of Chickamauga: -- The first day of the Battle Of
Chickamauga occurs in northwestern Georgia on September 19th, the
second day of the three day engagement, the morning after the
first skirmishes of the evening prior, the bloodiest two-day
battle of the conflict, and the only significant Confederate
victory in the war's Western Theater. The Battle Of Chickamauga,
fought on September 18 - 20, 1863, between U.S. and Confederate
forces in the American Civil War, marked the end of a Union
offensive in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia - the
Chickamauga Campaign. It was the first major battle of the war
fought in Georgia, the most significant Union defeat in the
Western Theater, and involved the second-highest number of
casualties after the Battle Of Gettysburg. The battle was fought
between the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William
Rosecrans and the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton
Bragg, and was named for Chickamauga Creek, which meanders near
the battle area in northwest Georgia (and ultimately flows into
the Tennessee River about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northeast of downtown
Chattanooga). After his successful Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans
renewed the offensive, aiming to force the Confederates out of
Chattanooga. In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces
scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Bragg's army out of
Chattanooga, heading south. The Union troops followed it and
brushed with it at Davis's Cross Roads. Bragg was determined to
reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans's
army, defeat it, and then move back into the city. On September 17
he headed north, intending to attack the isolated XXI Corps. As
Bragg marched north on September 18, his cavalry and infantry
fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry, which were armed
with Spencer repeating rifles. Fighting began in earnest on the
morning of September 19. Bragg's men strongly assaulted but could
not break the Union line. The next day, Bragg resumed his assault.
In late morning, Rosecrans was misinformed that he had a gap in
his line. In moving units to shore up the supposed gap, Rosecrans
accidentally created an actual gap, directly in the path of an
eight-brigade assault on a narrow front by Confederate Lt. Gen.
James Longstreet, whose corps had been detached from The Army Of
Northern Virginia. In the resulting rout, Longstreet's attack
drove one-third of the Union army, including Rosecrans himself,
from the field. Union units spontaneously rallied to create a
defensive line on Horseshoe Ridge ("Snodgrass Hill"),
forming a new right wing for the line of Maj. Gen. George H.
Thomas, who assumed overall command of remaining forces. Although
the Confederates launched costly and determined assaults, Thomas
and his men held until twilight. Union forces then retired to
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September 18, 1895: Civil Rights
Movements: The American Civil Rights Movement: The Civil Rights
Movement (1865-1896): The Atlanta Compromise: The Atlanta
Exposition Speech (The Atlanta Exposition Address, The Atlanta
Compromise Speech): -- Booker T. Washington, president of the
Tuskegee Institute, delivers The Cotton States And International
Exposition Speech, also known as The Atlanta Exposition Speech and
The Atlanta Compromise Address, on the topic of race relations.
The title "Atlanta Compromise" was given to the speech
by W. E. B. Du Bois, who first supported, and later opposed it,
believing it was insufficiently committed to the pursuit of social
and political equality for blacks, and was likewise rejected by
other African American leaders. The speech laid the foundation for
an agreement, now referred to by Du Bois' title of The Atlanta
Compromise, between African American leaders and Southern white
leaders in which Southern blacks would work meekly and submit to
white political rule, Northern whites would fund black educational
charities and Southern whites would guarantee that blacks would
receive basic education and due process of law, while assuring
that blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or
justice. The speech, presented before a predominantly white
audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition (the
site of today's Piedmont Park) in Atlanta, Georgia, has been
recognized as one of the most important and influential speeches
in American history. The speech was preceded by the reading of a
dedicatory ode written by Frank Lebby Stanton. Washington began
with a call to the blacks, who composed one third of the Southern
population, to join the world of work. He declared that the South
was where blacks were given their chance, as opposed to the North,
especially in the worlds of commerce and industry. He told the
white audience that rather than relying on the immigrant
population arriving at the rate of a million people a year, they
should hire some of the nation's eight million blacks. He praised
blacks' loyalty, fidelity and love in service to the white
population, but warned that they could be a great burden on
society if oppression continued, stating that the progress of the
South was inherently tied to the treatment of blacks and
protection of their liberties. He addressed the inequality between
commercial legality and social acceptance, proclaiming that "The
opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth
infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera
house." Washington also promoted segregation by claiming that
blacks and whites could exist as separate fingers of a hand.
Although the speech was not recorded at its initial presentation
in 1895, Washington recorded a portion of the speech during a trip
to New York in 1908. This recording has been included in the
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1905: #BOTD: #HBD! Greta
Garbo, Swedish-born American film actress, cultural icon, sex
symbol and beauty during the 1920s and 1930s, both the greatest
the greatest film star of the silent era of the female film star
of her time (d. April 15, 1990) is #born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson
in Stockholm, Sweden. Greta Garbo was nominated three times for
the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an Academy
Honorary Award in 1954 for her "luminous and unforgettable
screen performances." In 1999, the American Film Institute
ranked Garbo fifth on their list of the greatest female stars of
classic Hollywood cinema, after Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis,
Audrey Hepburn, and Ingrid Bergman. From the early days of her
career, Garbo avoided industry social functions, preferring to
spend her time alone or with friends. She never signed autographs
or answered fan mail, and rarely gave interviews. Nor did she ever
appear at Oscar ceremonies, even when she was nominated. Her
aversion to publicity and the press was undeniably genuine, and
exasperating to the studio at first. In an interview in 1928, she
explained that her desire for privacy began when she was a child,
stating "as early as I can remember, I have wanted to be
alone. I detest crowds, don't like many people." Because
Garbo was suspicious and mistrustful of the media, and often at
odds with MGM executives, she spurned Hollywood's publicity rules.
She was routinely referred to by the press as the "Swedish
Sphinx." Her reticence and fear of strangers perpetuated the
mystery and mystique that she projected both on screen and in real
life. MGM eventually capitalized on it, for it bolstered the image
of the silent and reclusive woman of mystery.In spite of her
strenuous efforts to avoid publicity, Garbo paradoxically became
one of the twentieth century's most publicized women in the world.
She is closely associated with a line from Grand Hotel, one which
the American Film Institute in 2005 voted the 30th most memorable
movie quote of all time, "I want to be alone; I just want to
be alone." The theme was a running gag that began during the
period of her silent movies. She retired and became a recluse
after making 27 films, spanning the silent era through the
beginning of sound movies. Greta Garbo died in New York Hospital
of pneumonia and kidney failure, aged 84. Garbo was cremated in
Manhattan, and her ashes were interred nine years later in 1999 at
Skogskyrkogarden Cemetery just south of her native Stockholm. Her
numerous investments, primarily in stocks and bonds, left her with
an estate of 32M USD (equivalent to 75M USD in 2023, which she
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September 18, 1914: Irish Nationalism:
The Irish Home Rule Movement: The Government Of Ireland Act 1914
(The Irish Home Rule Act, The Home Rule Act, The Third Home Rule
Bill): -- The Government Of Ireland Act 1914, intended to provide
home rule (self-government within the United Kingdom) for Ireland,
receives the Royal Assent specified by the bill to occur on
September 18, 1914, thereby enacting it into law, but its being
put into effect is delayed until after World War I. Known as The
Home Rule Act, and before enactment as The Third Home Rule Bill
and The Home Rule Bill For Devolution, The Government of Ireland
Act 1914 was passed on May 25, 1914 by The House Of Commons Of The
United Kingdom to provide for the devolution (the statutory
delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign
state to govern at a subnational level) of Ireland within the
United Kingdom. The Act was the first law ever passed by The
Parliament Of The United Kingdom that sought to establish a
devolved government in any part of the UK. However, the
implementation of it was formally postponed for a minimum of
twelve months with the outbreak of the First World War by the
Suspensory Act 1914, an Act of The Parliament Of The United
Kingdom which among other things suspended the coming into force
of the Government of Ireland Act 1914; the Suspensory Act received
the royal assent on the same day as the Government of Ireland Act
1914 it suspended was to receive assent, on 18 September 1914. The
continuation of the war beyond 1915 and subsequent developments in
Ireland led to further postponements, meaning that the Act never
took effect; it was finally superseded by a fourth home rule bill,
enacted as the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which partitioned
Ireland, creating Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, both
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1927: Broadcasting: The
History Of Broadcasting: Radio: The History Of Radio Broadcasting:
Premieres: Radio Premieres: American Radio Premieres: The Columbia
Phonographic Broadcasting System (The Columbia Broadcasting System
[CBS]): -- The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, later
renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), first goes on the
air with a presentation by the Howard L. Barlow Orchestra from
flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen
affiliates. The network was first founded on January 27, 1927 as
the "United Independent Broadcasters" network in Chicago
by New York City talent-agent Arthur Judson. The fledgling network
soon needed additional investors though, and the Columbia
Phonograph Company, manufacturers of Columbia Records, rescued it
in April 1927; as a result, the network was renamed the "Columbia
Phonographic Broadcasting System" on September 18 of that
year. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to
AT and T for use of its land lines, and by the end of 1927,
Columbia Phonograph wanted out. In early 1928 Judson sold the
network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the network's
Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchheim.
None of the three were interested in assuming day-to-day
management of the network, so they installed wealthy 26-year-old
William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar family and in-law of
the Levys, as president. With the record company out of the
picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia
Broadcasting System". He believed in the power of radio
advertising since his family's "La Palina" cigars had
doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to
advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the
Louchhheim share of CBS and became its majority owner with 51% of
the business. During Louchheim's brief regime, Columbia paid 410K
USD to A.H. Grebe's Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small
Brooklyn station, WABC (no relation to the current WABC), which
would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly
upgraded, and the signal relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant
was relocated also - to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in
Manhattan, where much of CBS's programming would originate. By the
turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47
affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a firmer
financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered into talks with
Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures, who planned to move into radio
in response to RCA's forays into motion pictures with the advent
of talkies. The deal came to fruition in September 1929: Paramount
acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth 3.8M
USD at the time. The agreement specified that Paramount would buy
that same stock back by March 1, 1932 for a flat 5M USD, provided
CBS had earned 2M USD during 1931 and 1932. For a brief time there
was talk that the network might be renamed "Paramount Radio",
but it only lasted a month - the 1929 stock market crash sent all
stock value tumbling. It galvanized Paley and his troops, who "had
no alternative but to turn the network around and earn the 2M USD
in two years.... This is the atmosphere in which the CBS of today
was born." The near-bankrupt movie studio sold its CBS shares
back to CBS in 1932. In the first year of Paley's watch, CBS's
gross earnings more than tripled, going from 1.4M to 4.7M USD. On
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Today's
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Why We Fight All 8 Episodes Of All 7 Films DVD MP4 Download USB
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1931: China: The History Of
China: The Century Of Humiliation (The Hundred Years Of National
Humiliation) (1838-1945): The Sino-Japanese Wars: The Interwar
Period (The Aftermath Of World War I, The Interbellum, Between The
Wars): The Second Sino-Japanese War (The War Of Resistance Against
Japanese Aggression): The Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria: The
Mukden Incident (The Manchurian Incident): -- The Imperial
Japanese Army fabricates a pretext to invade and occupy Manchuria
by staging an event engineered by Japanese military personnel that
began when Lt. Suemori Kawamoto detonated a small quantity of
dynamite close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria
Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang). The explosion was so weak that
it failed to destroy the track and a train passed over it minutes
later, but the Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents
of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the
occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet
state of Manchukuo six months later. The ruse of war was soon
exposed by the Lytton Report of 1932, leading Japan to diplomatic
isolation and its March 1933 withdrawal from the League Of
Nations. The bombing act is known as the "Liutiaohu
Incident", and the entire episode of events is known in Japan
as the "Manchurian Incident" and in China as the
"September 18 Incident". On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1944: World War II: The
Asia-Pacific War: The Pacific Ocean Theater Of World War II:
Maritime Incidents: Maritime Disasters: Maritime Incidents In The
Pacific Ocean: Maritime Disasters In The Pacific Ocean: Maritime
Incidents In The Indian Ocean: Maritime Disasters In The Indian
Ocean: Hell Ships (Japanese Hell Ships): The Indian Ocean Theater
Of World War II: The Sinking Of The Junyo Maru: -- The world's
greatest sea disaster at the time occurs, with 5,620 dead, occurs
when the British submarine HMS Tradewind torpedoes and sinks the
Japanese hell ship Junyo Maru, a cargo ship on its way to Padang,
Sumatra, Indonesia in the Indian Ocean, packed with 1,377 Dutch,
64 British and Australian, and 8 U.S. prisoners of war, along with
4,200 Javanese slave labourers (Romusha) bound for work on the
railway line being built between Pakan Baru and Muaro in Sumatra.
680 survivors were rescued, only to be put to work in conditions
similar to those of the Burma Railway where death was commonplace.
Hell ships were Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army
ships, with extremely inhumane living conditions or with a
reputation for cruelty among the crew, used to transport Allied
prisoners of war (POWs) and romushas (Asian forced slave laborers)
out of the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Hong Kong and
Singapore in World War II. These POWs were taken to Japan, Taiwan,
Manchukuo, Korea, the Moluccas, Sumatra, Burma, or Siam to be used
as forced labor. The term was coined much earlier. During the
American Revolution, HMS Jersey and other prison hulks in New York
Harbor were used by the British to house American prisoners of war
in terrible conditions. More than 11,000 prisoners died, more than
all American battle deaths in the war. HMS Jersey in particular
was referred to as "Hell". HMS Tradewind was a British
submarine of the third group of the T class (Triton class). She
was built as P329 at Chatham, and launched on December 11, 1942.
So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to be named
Tradewind, after the Trade winds. Junyo Maru was built in 1913 by
Robert Duncan & Co. of Glasgow. It displaced 5,065 tons, was
405 ft (123 m) long, 53 ft (16 m) wide, and 27.2 ft (8.3 m) deep.
The engines were rated at 475 hp (354 kW). The ship was built for
Lang & Fulton of Greenock as SS Ardgorm. In 1917, she was sold
to the Norfolk & North American Steamship Company (part of
Furness Withy), London, and renamed Hartland Point. In 1918, she
was acquired by the Johnstone Line of Liverpool, who renamed her
Hartmore in 1920, and sold her in 1921 to the Anglo-Oriental
Navigation Company (part of Yule Catto), Liverpool, who renamed
her Sureway. In 1926, she was sold to a Japanese company and
renamed Junyo Maru, and later taken over by the Japanese
government. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1943: The European Civil
War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater
Of World War II): The Holocaust (Shoah): The Holocaust In
Byelorussia (The Holocaust In Belarus): The Holocaust In Poland:
The Minsk Ghetto: -- The liquidation of Belarusian Jews in the
Minsk ghetto begins as 2,000 are placed on freight cars and
shipped to Sobibor Extermination Camp in the forest near the
village of Zlobek Duzy in the General Government region of
German-occupied Poland. The camp ceased operations after a
prisoner revolt which took place on October 14 1943, and was
demolished afterwards in order to hide their crimes from the
advancing Red Army. The city of Minsk was greatly affected
demographically by the high mortality rate caused by the
destruction of Jews under the Nazi occupation of the Second World
War. Working through local populations, Germans instituted
deportation of Jewish citizens to concentration camps, murdering
most of them there. The Jewish community of Minsk suffered
catastrophic losses in the Holocaust. From more than half the
population of the city, the percentage of Jews dropped to less
than 10% more than ten years after the war. After its limited
population peaked in the 1970s, continuing anti-Semitism under the
Soviet Union and increasing nationalism in Belarus caused most
Jews to emigrate to Israel and western countries in the 1980s; by
1999, less than 1% of the population of Minsk was Jewish. On Sale
Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1947: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1947-1953): Intelligence
And Security Agencies: The United States Military (The United
States Armed Forces): Military Intelligence Of The United States:
National Military Establishment (NME): The United States
Department Of Defense (DoD, USDOD, DOD): The United States
Secretary Of Defense (SecDef): The Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) (Langley, The Company): The United States National Security
Council (NSC): The National Security Resources Board: The United
States Air Force (USAF): The Joint Chiefs Of Staff (JCS): The
National Security Act Of 1947: -- #BOTD: #HBD! The National
Security Act Of 1947 establishes the National Security Council and
the Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S.'s first peacetime
non-military intelligence agency. The Act also establishes the Air
Force as an equal partner of the Army and Navy. The National
Security Act Of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United
States government's military and intelligence agencies following
World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took
effect on September 18, 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed
James Forrestal as the first Secretary Of Defense. The Act merged
the Department of War (renamed as the Department of the Army) and
the Department of the Navy into the National Military
Establishment (NME), later renamed the Department of Defense (DoD,
USDoD), headed by the Secretary Of Defense. It also created the
Department of the Air Force and the United States Air Force, which
separated the Army Air Forces into its own service. It also
protected the Marine Corps as an independent service, under the
Department of the Navy. President Truman signed the National
Security Act Of 1947 on July 26, 1947 onboard a VC-54C Douglas
C-54 Skymaster Presidential transport, the first aircraft used for
the role of Air Force One. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1961: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1953-1962): The
Decolonisation Of Africa: The Congo Crisis: Aviation: The History
Of Aviation: The History Of Civil Aviation: Aviation Incidents And
Accidents: The 1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 Crash (The Transair
Sweden Flight 001 Crash): -- #DOTD: #RIP: Dag Hammarskjold,
Swedish economist and diplomat, 2nd Secretary-General of the
United Nations, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. July 29, 1905) #dies aged
56 along with all 15 other passengers in the suspicious Transair
Sweden Flight 001 plane crash that may well have been in fact a
political assassination, as the crash occurred while Dag
Hammarskjold was attempting to negotiate peace in the war-torn
Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The
Transair Sweden DC-6 passenger aircraft, operating for the United
Nations, crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (present-day
Zambia). The crash resulted in the deaths of all people on board,
including Dag Hammarskjold, the second Secretary-General of the
United Nations, and 15 others. Hammarskjold had been en route to
ceasefire negotiations with Moise Tshombe during the Congo Crisis.
Three official inquiries failed to determine conclusively the
cause of the crash, which set off a succession crisis at the
United Nations. A number of historians and military experts
criticize the official inquiries, pointing to evidence of foul
play that had been omitted from the inquiries. The three official
inquiries failed to determine conclusively the cause of the crash
that led to the death of Hammarskjold. The Rhodesian Board of
Investigation sent 180 men to search a six-square-kilometer area
of the last sector of the aircraft's flight path, looking for
evidence as to the cause of the crash. No evidence of a bomb,
surface-to-air missile, or hijacking was found. The official
report stated that two of the dead Swedish bodyguards had suffered
multiple bullet wounds. Medical examination, performed by the
initial Rhodesian Board of Investigation and reported in the UN
official report, indicated that the wounds were superficial, and
that the bullets showed no signs of rifling. They concluded that
cartridges had exploded in the fire in proximity to the
bodyguards. No evidence of foul play was found in the wreckage of
the aircraft. The Rhodesian Board concluded that the pilot flew
too low and struck trees, thereby bringing the aircraft to the
ground. The official inquiry has come under scrutiny and criticism
from historians, who point to a number of conclusions made which
they claim were done to steer focus away from the assassination
angle. The official report dismissed a number of pieces of
evidence that would have supported the view that Hammarskjold was
assassinated. Some of these dismissals have been criticized, such
as the conclusion that bullet wounds could have been caused by
bullets exploding in a fire. Expert tests have questioned this
conclusion, arguing that exploding bullets could not break the
surface of the skin. Major C. F. Westell, a ballistics authority,
said, "I can certainly describe as sheer nonsense the
statement that cartridges of machine guns or pistols detonated in
a fire can penetrate a human body." He based his statement on
a large scale experiment that had been done to determine if
military fire brigades would be in danger working near munitions
depots. Other experts conducted and filmed tests showing that
bullets heated to the point of explosion did not achieve
sufficient velocity to penetrate their box container. Despite the
multiple official inquiries that failed to find evidence of
assassination or other forms of foul play, several individuals
have continued to advance a theory of the crash being deliberately
caused by hostile interests; the day after the crash, former U.S.
President Harry Truman commented that Hammarskjold "was on
the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice
that I said 'when they killed him'." At the time of
Hammarskjold's death, the Central Intelligence Agency and other
Western agencies were actively involved in the political situation
in the Congo, which culminated in Belgian and US support for the
secession of Katanga and the assassination of former prime
minister Patrice Lumumba. The Belgian government had a vested
interest in maintaining their control over much of the country's
copper industry during the Congolese transition from colonial rule
to independence. Concerns about the nationalisation of the copper
industry could have provided a financial incentive to remove
either Lumumba or Hammarskjold. On July 29, 2005, Norwegian Army
Major general Bjorn Egge gave an interview to the newspaper
Aftenposten on the events surrounding Hammarskjold's death.
According to Egge, who had been the first UN officer to see the
body, Hammarskjold had a hole in his forehead, and this hole was
subsequently airbrushed from photos taken of the body. It appeared
to Egge that Hammarskjold had been thrown from the plane, and
grass and leaves in his hands might indicate that he survived the
crash - and that he had tried to scramble away from the wreckage.
Egge did not officially claim that the wound was a gunshot wound.
According to a dozen witnesses interviewed by Swedish aid worker
Goran Bjorkdahl in the 2000s, Hammarskjold's plane was shot down
by another aircraft. Bjorkdahl also reviewed previously
unavailable archive documents and internal UN communications. He
believes that there was an intentional shoot down for the benefit
of mining companies like Union Miniere. In April 2014, the
Guardian published evidence implicating Jan van Risseghem, a
military pilot who served with the RAF during World War II, later
with the Belgian Air Force, and who became known as the pilot of
Moise Tshombe in Katanga. The article claims that an American NSA
employee, former naval pilot Commander Charles Southall, working
at the NSA listening station in Cyprus in 1961 shortly after
midnight on the night of the crash, heard an intercept of a
pilot's commentary in the air over Ndola, 5,300 km (3,300 mi)
away. Southall recalled the pilot saying: "I see a transport
plane coming low. All the lights are on. I'm going down to make a
run on it. Yes, it is the Transair DC-6. It's the plane,"
adding that his voice was "cool and professional". Then
he heard the sound of gunfire and the pilot exclaiming: "I've
hit it. There are flames! It's going down. It's crashing!"
Based on aircraft registration and availability with the Katangese
Air Force, registration KAT-93, a Fouga CM.170 Magister would be
the most likely aircraft used and the website Belgian Wings claims
that van Risseghem piloted the Magisters for the KAF in 1961. A
further article was published by The Guardian in January 2019,
repeating the allegations against van Risseghem and citing further
evidence uncovered by the makers of the documentary Cold Case
Hammarskjold, including refutations of his alibi that he was not
flying at the time of the crash. In December 2018, the German
freelance historian Torben Gulstorff published an article in the
Lobster magazine, arguing that a German Dornier DO-28A may have
been used for the attack on Hammarskjold's DC-6. The plane was
delivered to Katanga by end of August 1961 and would have been
technically capable of accomplishing such an assault. In 2011, Who
Killed Hammarskjold? by Susan Williams, a University of London
scholar of decolonisation in Africa, outlined several serious
doubts about the accidental character of the plane crash in 1961.
It led to the formation of independent, unofficial commission of
inquiry in 2012 to provide an opinion on whether there was new
evidence that would justify the UN re-opening its 1962 inquiry -
the commission was headed by the British jurist Stephen Sedley.
The Sedley commission's report was presented on September 9, 2013,
at the Peace Palace in The Hague. It recommended that the UN
re-open its inquiry "pursuant to General Assembly resolution
1759 (XVII) of 26 October 1962". Its findings formed the
basis of the constitution of a panel of experts, and in March 2015
the appointment of Eminent Person Mohamed Chande Othman at the UN
to support the ongoing Hammarskjold Commission. On August 19,
1998, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, chairman of South Africa's Truth
and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), stated that recently
uncovered letters had implicated MI5, the CIA, and then South
African intelligence services in the crash. One TRC letter said
that a bomb in the aircraft's wheel bay was set to detonate when
the wheels came down for a landing. Tutu said that they were
unable to investigate the truth of the letters or the allegations
that South African or Western intelligence agencies played a role
in the crash. The British Foreign Office suggested that they may
have been created as Soviet misinformation or disinformation. Dag
Hammarskjold is buried at the Uppsala Old Cemetery in Uppsala,
Sweden. Dag Hammarskjold (pronounced "Dawg Hammerwheld")
was born Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjold in Jonkoping, a city
in southern Sweden with 112,766 inhabitants, into the noble family
Hammarskjold (also spelled Hammarskiold or Hammarskold). Dag
Hammarskjold remains the youngest person to have held the post,
being only 47 years old when he was appointed in 1953. His second
term was cut short when he died in the crash of his DC-6 airplane
in Northern Rhodesia while en route to cease-fire negotiations
during the Congo Crisis. He is the only person to be awarded a
Nobel Peace Prize posthumously. Hammarskjold has been referred to
as one of the two best secretaries-general of the United Nations,
and his appointment has been mentioned as the most notable success
for the UN. U.S. president John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjold
"the greatest statesman of our century." On Sale Until
Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1964: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina
Wars: The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam
Conflict, The Resistance War Against America): The United States
In The Vietnam War: -- The North Vietnamese Army begins
infiltration of South Vietnam when, according to South Vietnamese
officials, two companies from the North Vietnamese army invaded
South Vietnam, resulting in a battle in Quang Tri Province, just
south of the Demilitarized Zone. The North Vietnamese forces were
defeated with heavy casualties. Since North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
main force units had not been seen in South Vietnam before, U.S.
military advisers at first questioned whether these were actually
North Vietnamese troops; howver, in fact Hanoi had indeed ordered
its forces to begin infiltrating to the South. This marked a major
change in the tempo and scope of the war in South Vietnam, and
ultimately resulted in President Lyndon Johnson committing U.S.
combat troops to the conflict. North Vietnamese forces and U.S.
troops clashed for the first time the following month, whenin
November 1965 units from the newly arrived 1st Cavalry Division
engaged several North Vietnamese regiments in the Battle of the Ia
Drang Valley in the Central Highlands. On Sale Until Midnight
Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1970: #DOTD: #RIP: Jimi
Hendrix, African American singer-songwriter, rock guitarist, and
record producer, who although his mainstream career spanned only
four years is widely regarded as one of the most influential
electric guitarists in the history of popular music, and one of
the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century, described by
Brian Eno as the being the father of electronic music (b. November
27, 1942) #dies under disputed circumstances. Details are disputed
concerning Hendrix's last day as well. He spent much of the with
Monika Dannemann in London, the only witness to his final hours.
Dannemann said that she prepared a meal for them at her apartment
in the Samarkand Hotel around 11 p.m., when they shared a bottle
of wine. She drove him to the residence of an acquaintance at
approximately 1:45 a.m., where he remained for about an hour
before she picked him up and drove them back to her flat at 3 a.m.
She said that they talked until around 7 a.m., when they went to
sleep. Dannemann awoke around 11 a.m. and found Hendrix breathing
but unconscious and unresponsive. She called for an ambulance at
11:18 a.m., and it arrived nine minutes later. Ambulancemen
transported Hendrix to St Mary Abbots Hospital where Dr. John
Bannister pronounced him dead at 12:45 PM. Coroner Gavin Thurston
ordered a post-mortem examination which was performed on September
21 by Professor Robert Donald Teare, a forensic pathologist.
Thurston completed the inquest on September 28 and concluded that
Hendrix aspirated his own vomit and died of asphyxia while
intoxicated with barbiturates. Citing "insufficient evidence
of the circumstances", he declared an open verdict. Dannemann
later revealed that Hendrix had taken nine of her prescribed
Vesparax sleeping tablets, 18 times the recommended dosage.
Desmond Henley embalmed Hendrix's body which was flown to Seattle
on September 29. Hendrix's family and friends held a service at
Dunlap Baptist Church in Seattle's Rainier Valley on Thursday,
October 1; his body was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in nearby
Renton, the location of his mother's grave. Family and friends
traveled in 24 limousines, and more than 200 people attended the
funeral, including Mitch Mitchell, Noel Redding, Miles Davis, John
Hammond, and Johnny Winter. Hendrix is often cited as one example
of an allegedly disproportionate number of musicians dying at age
27, including Brian Jones, Jim Morrison, and Janis Joplin in the
same era, a phenomenon referred to as the 27 Club. The Rock and
Roll Hall of Fame describes him as "arguably the greatest
instrumentalist in the history of rock music" (though it is
more likely that Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker - two other
African Americans - rank him). Jimi Hendrix was born Johnny Allen
Hendrix in Seattle, Washington. James Marshall "Jimi"
Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he
enlisted in the U.S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the
101st Airborne Division; he was granted an honorable discharge the
following year. Soon afterward, he moved to Clarksville,
Tennessee, and began playing gigs on the Chitlin' Circuit, earning
a place in the Isley Brothers' backing band and later with Little
Richard, with whom he continued to work through mid-1965. He then
played with Curtis Knight and the Squires before moving to England
in late 1966 after being discovered by Linda Keith, who in turn
interested bassist Chas Chandler of the Animals in becoming his
first manager. Within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten
hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience: "Hey Joe",
"Purple Haze", and "The Wind Cries Mary". He
achieved fame in the U.S. after his performance at the Monterey
Pop Festival in 1967, and in 1968 his third and final studio
album, Electric Ladyland, reached number one in the U.S.; it was
Hendrix's most commercially successful release and his first and
only number one album. The world's highest-paid performer, he
headlined the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Isle of Wight
Festival in 1970, before his accidental death from
barbiturate-related asphyxia on September 18, 1970, at the age of
27. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and
electric blues. He favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume
and gain, and was instrumental in popularizing the previously
undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He was
also one of the first guitarists to make extensive use of tone
altering effects units, such as fuzz tone, Octavia, wah-wah, and
Uni-Vibe in mainstream rock. He was the first artist to use
stereophonic phasing effects in music recordings. Holly
George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented: "Hendrix pioneered
the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players
before him had experimented with feedback and distortion, but
Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled, fluid
vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he
began." Hendrix was the recipient of several music awards
during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of Melody
Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, and in 1968, Rolling
Stone declared him the Performer of the Year. Disc and Music Echo
honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970,
Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi
Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Rolling Stone
ranked the band's three studio albums, Are You Experienced, Axis:
Bold as Love, and Electric Ladyland, among the 100 greatest albums
of all time, and they ranked Hendrix as the greatest guitarist and
the sixth greatest artist of all time. On Sale Until Midnight
Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1977: The History Of
Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War
II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: The Discovery And
Exploration Of The Solar System: Space Probes: Interplanetary
Space Probes: The Voyager Program: Voyager 1: Outer Space Firsts:
-- NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft takes the first photograph of the
Earth and the Moon together. The picture of a crescent-shaped
Earth and Moon was taken 7.25 million miles (11.66 million
kilometers) from Earth. The Moon is at the top of the picture and
beyond the Earth as viewed by Voyager. In the picture are eastern
Asia, the western Pacific Ocean and part of the Arctic. Voyager 1
was directly above Mt. Everest (on the night side of the planet at
25 degrees north latitude) when the picture was taken. The photo
was made from three images taken through color filters, then
processed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Lab.
Because the Earth is many times brighter than the Moon, the Moon
was artificially brightened by a factor of three relative to the
Earth by computer enhancement so that both bodies would show
clearly in the print. Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977,
followed by Voyager 1 on Sept. 5, 1977, en route to encounters at
Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. JPL manages the
Voyager mission for NASA's Office of Space Science. On Sale Until
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1980: Rocket Launches:
Outer Space Firsts: First Africans (First Black Africans, First
African Black People, First African Blacks): First Hispanics:
First Latin Americans (Spanish: Primeros Latinoamericanos;
Portuguese: Primeiros Latino-Americanos; French: Premiers
Latino-Americains) (First Hispanic And Latino Americans, First
Latinx): The History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The
Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space
Race: The Soviet Space Program: Human Spaceflight Programs: The
Soyuz Programme: Soyuz 38 (Russian: Union 38): -- Arnaldo Tamayo
Mendez becomes the first black, first Hispanic, first Cuban and
thereby first person from a country in the Western Hemisphere
other than the United States to travel in outer space when Soyuz
38 is launched atop a Soyuz-U launch vehicle (an improved version
of the original Soyuz rocket of the R-7 family of rockets) from
the Baikonur Cosmodrome's Site 1/5 launch site (also known as
Gagarin's Start and Baikonur Site 1) in Kazakhstan at 19:11:03
UTC. The purpose of the Soyuz 38 was to bring its two crew members
to the USSR's Salyut 6 space station. Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez (born
January 29, 1942) is a Cuban military officer, legislator, and
former Intercosmos cosmonaut who received the awards of Hero Of
The Republic of Cuba and Hero Of The Soviet Union for this flight.
Interkosmos, also spelled Intercosmos, was a Soviet space program,
designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with crewed and
uncrewed space missions. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 324: Rome: Ancient Rome:
Roman Civil Wars And Revolts: The Roman Empire: Civil Wars Of The
Roman Empire: The Civil Wars Of The Tetrarchy: The Battle Of
Chrysopolis: -- Constantine The Great decisively defeats Licinius
in the Battle Of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantine's sole
control over the Roman Empire. The Battle Of Chrysopolis was
fought at Chrysopolis, at modern Uskudar), a large and densely
populated district and municipality of Istanbul, Turkey near
Chalcedon (modern Kadikoy), between the two Roman emperors
Constantine I and Licinius. The battle was the final encounter
between the two emperors. After his navy's defeat in the Battle of
the Hellespont, Licinius withdrew his forces from the city of
Byzantium across the Bosphorus to Chalcedon in Bithynia.
Constantine followed, and won the subsequent battle at
Chrysopolis. This left Constantine as the sole emperor, and after
Licinius was executed on the Constantine's orders, the period of
the rule of the Tetrarchy ended. Constantine The Great, Roman
emperor (272-337), known in Latin as Flavius Valerius Aurelius
Constantinus Augustus, also known as Constantine I or Saint
Constantine, in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine The
Great, Equal-to-the-Apostles, was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian
origin from 306 to 337 AD. He was the son of Flavius Valerius
Constantius, a Roman Army officer, and his consort Helena. His
father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD.
Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to
become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius.
In 305, Constantius raised himself to the rank of Augustus, senior
western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign
under his father in Britannia (Britain). Constantine was acclaimed
as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his
father's death in 306 AD, and he emerged victorious in a series of
civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole
ruler of both west and east by 324 AD. As emperor, Constantine
enacted administrative, financial, social, and military reforms to
strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating
civil and military authorities. To combat inflation he introduced
the solidus, a new gold coin that became the standard for
Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years.
The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units
and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and
barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns
against the tribes on the Roman frontiers - the Franks, the
Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians - even resettling
territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the
Third Century. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert
to Christianity. On October 29, 312, Constantine entered Rome
after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge the day
before, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with
popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and
beheaded. In the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Constantine I
defeated Maxentius, becoming the sole Roman emperor in the West.
The day before the battle, Constantine had had the Vision of the
Cross, which inspired him to paint the Christian cross on the
shields of his soldiers. Constantine's victory was to become the
foundation of the Christian world that followed thereafter.
Although he lived most of his life as a pagan, he joined the
Christian faith on his deathbed, being baptised by Eusebius. He
played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of
Milan in 313, which declared religious tolerance for Christianity
in the Roman empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325
that produced the statement of Christian belief known as the
Nicene Creed. The Church Of The Holy Sepulchre was built on his
orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and
became the holiest place in Christendom. The Papal claim to
temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the supposed
Donation of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern
Orthodox and Catholic Church. He has historically been referred to
as the "First Christian Emperor," and he did heavily
promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however,
debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian
faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in
the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence
at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself
(the laudatory epithet of "New Rome" came later, and was
never an official title). It became the capital of the Empire for
more than a thousand years, with the later eastern Roman Empire
now being referred to as the Byzantine Empire by historians. His
more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's
tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession by leaving the
empire to his sons. His reputation flourished during the lifetime
of his children and centuries after his reign. The medieval church
upheld him as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked
him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of
imperial legitimacy and identity. Beginning with the Renaissance,
there were more critical appraisals of his reign due to the
rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and
recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of
previous scholarship. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
( #JCKaelin here: I didn't know Dee Dee
Ramone; I used to hang with Joey Ramone though :) ) =========
September 18, 1951: #BOTD: #HBD! Dee Dee Ramone, American
singer-songwriter and bass player (d. June 5, 2002) is #born
Douglas Glenn Colvin in Fort Lee, Virginia. Dee Dee Ramone was an
American musician, singer, rapper, and songwriter best known for
being a founding member of the punk rock band the Ramones, in
which he played bass. Throughout the band's existence, Dee Dee was
the band's most prolific lyricist and composer, writing many of
their best-known songs, such as "53rd & 3rd",
"Commando", "Wart Hog", "Rockaway Beach",
"Poison Heart" and "Bonzo Goes To Bitburg"
(also known as "My Brain Is Hanging Upside Down"). The
latter won the New York Music Award for best independent single of
the year in 1986, while Animal Boy, which the song is from, won
for best album. Dee Dee was initially the band's lead vocalist,
though his (then) inability to sing and play bass at the same time
resulted in original drummer Joey Ramone taking over the lead
vocalist duties (however, he still sang lead vocals in the band on
occasion). Dee Dee was the band's bassist and songwriter from 1974
until 1989, when he left to pursue a short-lived career in hip hop
music under the name Dee Dee King. He soon returned to his punk
roots and released three solo albums featuring brand-new songs,
many of which were later recorded by the Ramones. He toured the
world playing his new songs, Ramones songs and some old favorites
in small clubs, and continued to write songs for the Ramones until
1996, when the band retired. Dee Dee was addicted to drugs for
much of his life, particularly heroin. He began using drugs as a
teenager and continued to use for the majority of his adult life.
He appeared clean in the early 1990s but began using heroin again
sometime later. He died after overdosing on the drug in Hollywood,
California at the age of 50. He is buried at Hollywood Forever
cemetery in Hollywood, California. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1914: The European Civil
War: World War I: The First European War (The European Theater Of
World War I): The African Theatre Of World War I: The South West
Africa Campaign: South African (Union Of South African) Invasion
of German South West Africa: -- South African troops of the Union
Defence Force (UDF) led by Colonel P.S. Beves (1863-1924) land at
Luderitz Bay on the coast of German South-West Africa (GSWA) and
successfully achieves all their objectives immediately. Before the
South African parliament approved the South African invasion, the
Union was thrown into turmoil. On September 15, 1914 Brigadier
General Christian Frederick Beyers (1869-1914), the Commandant
General of the Union Defence Force (UDF), along with several other
officers and men, resigned from the UDF in protest of the South
African decision to invade GSWA upon Imperial request. They
claimed that they had no quarrel with their German neighbours who
had actively supported them during the Second Anglo-Boer War
(1899-1902). On September 16, 1914, the South African parliament
approved the invasion of GSWA. On the operational front events now
moved swiftly. The South African Invasion Of German South West
Africa was specifically aimed at securing several strategic
British war objectives. The invasion was the first time that the
Union Defence Force (UDF) was deployed operationally in the event
of war. The South African defence planners envisaged a limited
military offensive in GSWA that would secure their strategic
objectives in the least possible time. The outbreak of The Maritz
Rebellion, the Afrikaner Rebellion within South Africa also known
as the Boer Revolt or Five Shilling Rebellion, coupled with the
harsh geography and climate of GSWA, dragged the conquest of the
German colony well into 1915. The Maritz Rebellion was an armed
insurrection in South Africa led by Boers who supported the
re-establishment of the South African Republic in the Transvaal.
Many members of the South African government were themselves
former Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the
British in the Second Boer War, which had ended twelve years
earlier. The rebellion failed, and its ringleaders received heavy
fines and terms of imprisonment. The South West Africa Campaign
was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by
forces from the Union Of South Africa acting on behalf of the
British imperial government at the beginning of the First World
War. The African Theatre Of The First World War comprises
campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman
empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and
Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland,
German South West Africa and German East Africa. The campaigns
were fought by German Schutztruppe, local resistance movements and
forces of the British Empire, France, Italy, Belgium and Portugal.
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1905: #BOTD: #HBD!
Rochester, African American comedian and actor (d. February 28,
1977) is #born Edmund Lincoln Anderson in Oakland, California. His
father, "Big Ed" Anderson, was a minstrel performer,
while his mother, Ella Mae, had been a tightrope walker until her
career was ended by a fall. He described himself as being a
descendant of slaves who were able to leave the South during the
Civil War through the Underground Railroad. Eddie "Rochester"
Anderson got his start in show business as a teenager on the
vaudeville circuit. In the early 1930s, he transitioned into films
and radio. In 1937, he began his most famous role of Rochester van
Jones, usually known simply as "Rochester", the valet of
Jack Benny, on his radio show The Jack Benny Program. Anderson
became the first Black American to have a regular role on a
nationwide radio program. When the series moved to television,
Anderson continued in the role until the series' end in 1965.
After the series ended, Anderson remained active with guest
starring roles on television and voice work in animated series. He
was also an avid horse-racing fan who owned several race horses
and worked as a horse trainer at the Hollywood Park Racetrack.
Eddie Anderson died aged 71 of heart disease at the Motion Picture
& Television Country House and Hospital in Los Angeles,
California. He was buried in Los Angeles in historic Evergreen
Cemetery, the oldest existing cemetery in the city. On Sale Until
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1920: #BOTD: #HBD! Jack
Warden, American boxer, bouncer, sailor, lifeguard, merchant
marine, paratrooper, character actor of stage, film and television
(d. July 19, 2006) is #born John Warden Lebzelter Jr. in Newark,
New Jersey, the son of Laura M. (nee Costello) and John Warden
Lebzelter, who was an engineer and technician, a family of
Pennsylvania Dutch (German) and Irish ancestry. He was nominated
for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Shampoo (1975)
and Heaven Can Wait (1978). He received a BAFTA nomination for the
former, and won an Emmy for his performance in Brian's Song
(1971). Raised in Louisville, Kentucky, he was expelled from high
school for fighting and eventually fought as a professional boxer
under the name Johnny Costello. He fought in 13 bouts as a
welterweight, but earned little money. Warden worked as a
nightclub bouncer, tugboat deckhand, and lifeguard, before joining
the United States Navy in 1938. He was stationed for three years
in China with the Yangtze Patrol. In 1941, he joined the United
States Merchant Marine, but he quickly tired of the long convoy
runs, and in 1942, he moved to the United States Army, where he
served as a paratrooper in the 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment,
with the 101st Airborne Division in World War II. In 1944, on the
eve of the D-Day invasion (in which many of his friends died),
Warden, then a staff sergeant, shattered his leg when he landed in
a tree during a night-time practice jump in England. He spent
almost eight months in the hospital recuperating, during which
time he read a Clifford Odets play and decided to become an actor.
Notably, Warden later portrayed a paratrooper from the 101st's
rivals - the 82nd Airborne Division - in That Kind of Woman. After
leaving the armed services, he moved to New York City and studied
acting on the G.I. Bill. He joined the company of the Dallas Alley
Theatre and performed on stage for five years. In 1948, he made
his television debut on the anthology series The Philco Television
Playhouse and also appeared on the series Studio One. His first
film role, uncredited, was in the 1951 film You're in the Navy
Now, a film that also featured the screen debuts of Lee Marvin and
Charles Bronson. Warden appeared in his first credited film role
in 1951 in The Man with My Face. From 1952 to 1955, he appeared in
the television series Mister Peepers with Wally Cox. In 1953, he
was cast as a sympathetic corporal in From Here to Eternity.
Warden's breakthrough film role was Juror No. 7, a salesman who
wants a quick decision in a murder case, in 12 Angry Men. Warden
guest-starred in many television series over the years, such as
Marilyn Maxwell's ABC drama series, Bus Stop, and on David
Janssen's ABC drama, The Fugitive. He received a supporting actor
Emmy Award for his performance as Chicago Bears coach George Halas
in the television movie, Brian's Song, and was twice nominated for
his starring role in the 1980s comedy/drama series Crazy Like a
Fox. Warden was nominated for Academy Awards as Best Supporting
Actor for his performances in Shampoo and Heaven Can Wait. He also
had notable roles in Bye Bye Braverman, The Man Who Loved Cat
Dancing, All the President's Men, The White Buffalo, ...And
Justice for All, Being There, Used Cars (in which he played dual
roles), The Verdict, Problem Child and its sequel, as well as
While You Were Sleeping, Guilty as Sin and the Norm Macdonald
comedy Dirty Work. His final film was The Replacements in 2000,
opposite Gene Hackman and Keanu Reeves. Warden married French
actress Vanda Dupre on October 10, 1958. They had one son,
Christopher. Although they separated in the late 1970s, the couple
never legally divorced. Warden's health declined in his later
years, which resulted in his retirement from acting in 2000. He
lived for the rest of his life in Manhattan, New York City, with
his girlfriend, Marucha Hinds. He died of heart and kidney failure
in a New York City hospital on July 19, 2006, at the age of 85. He
is buried at The Cathedral Church Of Saint John The Divine in
Manhattan, New York City. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1933: #BOTD: #HBD! Fred
Willard, American actor, comedian and writer (d. May15, 2020) is
#born Frederick Charles Willard Jr. in Cleveland, Ohio. He is best
known for his roles in the Norman Lear TV series Fernwood 2Night
and America2Night, the Rob Reiner mockumentary film This Is Spinal
Tap; the Harry Shearer mockumentary TV series The History Of White
People and Portrait Of A White Marriage, the Christopher Guest
mockumentary films Waiting for Guffman, Best in Show, A Mighty
Wind, For Your Consideration, and Mascots; and the Anchorman
films. He is an alumnus of The Second City, and also appeared on
episodes of the SCTV TV series. He was nominated for the Daytime
Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for his role as host of
What's Hot, What's Not. He also received three Emmy nominations
for his recurring role on the TV series Everybody Loves Raymond.
In 2010, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his appearances on
Modern Family. Fred Willard died at his home in Los Angeles at age
86, according to his daughter, Hope Mulbarger, and his
representative; the cause of death was subsequently reported as
cardiac arrest. Jamie Lee Curtis, whose husband, Christopher
Guest, frequently worked with Willard, first shared news of the
actor's death. Willard is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial
Park in Hollywood. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1940: #BOTD: #HBD! Frankie
Avalon, American singer, actor and teen idol, is #born Francis
Thomas Avallone in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Mary and
Nicholas Avallone. Avalon had 31 charting U.S. Billboard singles
from 1958 to late 1962, including two number one hits, the 1959,
"Venus" (5 weeks #1) and "Why", the last #1
hit of the 1950s. Most of his hits were written and/or produced by
Bob Marcucci, head of Chancellor Records. The 1980 film The
Idolmaker, written by Ed Di Lorenzo and directed by Taylor
Hackford, was a thinly-disguised biography of Avalon ("Tommy
Dee" in the film) as well as 1950s teenage star Fabian Forte
(called "Caesare" in the film), along with
songwriter/producer Bob Marcucci (called "Vinnie Vacarri").
In the film, Dee clashes with the record producer and younger
singer Caesare, who he feels threatens his career. Eventually, Dee
and Caesare quit the label, but their record careers collapse just
as the British Invasion begins. The real Fabian threatened a
lawsuit, despite the filmmakers' insistence that the film
presented only fictional characters (though Marcucci was a paid
consultant), while Avalon denied most of the film's events. In
December 1952, Avalon made his American network television debut
playing the trumpet in the Honeymooners "Christmas Party"
sketch on The Jackie Gleason Show. Two singles showcasing Avalon's
trumpet playing were issued on RCA Victor's "X" sublabel
in 1954. His trumpet playing was also featured on some of his LP
songs as well. As a teenager he played with Bobby Rydell in Rocco
and the Saints. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1964: Aesthetics:
Performing Arts: Premieres: Television Premieres: American
Television Premieres: -- Jonny Quest, an animated science fiction
adventure television series about a boy who accompanies his
scientist father on extraordinary adventures, premieres on the ABC
television network at 7:30 p.m. EDT Friday evening; tragically, it
would concludes its one and only year run the following March 11,
1965 at 7:30 p.m. EDT Thursday evening. Jonny Quest was produced
by Hanna-Barbera Productions for Screen Gems, and was created and
designed by the late comic book artist Doug Wildey. The show was
inspired by radio serials and comics in the action-adventure
genre, and featured more realistic art, human characters, and
stories than Hanna-Barbera's previous cartoon programs. It was the
first of several Hanna-Barbera action-based adventure shows --
which would later include Space Ghost, The Herculoids, and Birdman
and the Galaxy Trio -- and ran on ABC in prime time early on
mostly Friday nights (its last episode was on a Thursday) for one
season. Jonny Quest also aired on CBS Saturday mornings/early
afternoons from 1967 to 1970. It was an almost instant success
both critically and ratings-wise. However, it was canceled after
one season due to its high production costs. Like the original
Star Trek television series, the series proved profitable in
syndication, but the fact that syndication could make a high-cost
production profitable was not yet understood when the show was
canceled in 1965, otherwise the show would have continued
production. Along with another Hanna-Barbera series, The Jetsons,
Jonny Quest is one of the few television series to have aired on
each of the Big Three television networks in the United States.
The series revolves around the titular Jonny Quest, a boy who
accompanies his scientist father Dr. Benton C. Quest on
extraordinary adventures, along with Roger T. "Race"
Bannon, a special agent from "Intelligence One" assigned
to safeguard Jonny; Jonny's best friend and adopted brother Hadji
Singh, a streetwise 11-year-old Calcutta orphan; and Jonny's dog
Bandit, a white with black dog markings resembling a black domino
mask. Their adventures span from the mythic to the scientific, the
supernatural to the conspiratorial, the diplomatic to the
paramilitary. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1939: The European Civil
War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater
Of World War II): Premieres: Radio Premieres: German Radio
Premieres: Nazi German Radio Premieres: -- William Joyce, known
during World War II as "Lord Haw-Haw", an American-born
Anglo-Irish Fascist who broadcast Nazi propaganda to Britain from
Germany by radio during the Second World War, begins transmitting
pro-Nazi/anti-Allied propaganda. The broadcasts opened with
"Germany calling, Germany calling", originally spoken in
an affected upper-class English accent, changing to an Irish
accent towards the end of the war. William Brooke Joyce took
German citizenship in 1940. He was convicted of one count of high
treason in 1945 and was sentenced to death. The Court of Appeal
and the House of Lords upheld his conviction. He was hanged at
Wandsworth Prison. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 15-27, 1959: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1953-1962): Soviet
Union-United States Relations: Soviet Union-United States
Conferences: The State Visit Of Nikita Khrushchev To The United
States (September 15-27, 1959): Day 4, September 18, 1959: Morning
--- Khrushchev and Henry Cabot Lodge drive 100 miles to visit
former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt at Hyde Park. After Khrushchev
pays his respects at President Franklin Roosevelt's grave, Eleanor
leads him on a tour of the Roosevelt Memorial Library. The visit
is rushed, as the Premier is due back in New York for a speech at
the UN later that afternoon. Eleanor would later recall, "He
enjoyed nothing. A man behind him all the time kept whispering,
'Seven minutes, seven minutes.'" The state visit of Nikita
Khrushchev to the United States was a 13-day visit from September
15-27, 1959. It marked the first state visit of a Soviet leader to
the US. Khrushchev, then General Secretary of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was
also the first ethnic Ukrainian leader to set foot in the Western
Hemisphere. Being the first visit by a leader of his kind, the
coverage of it resulted in an extended media circus. On Sale Until
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Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1960: Cuba: The History Of
Cuba: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War
(1953-1962): The Cuban Cold War: Fidel Castro's 1960 Visit To The
United Nations: -- Fidel Castro arrives in New York City as the
head of the Cuban delegation to the United Nations for the General
Assembly of the United Nations. Staying at the Hotel Theresa in
Harlem, he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures
like Malcolm X. Castro had decided to stay in Harlem as a way of
expressing solidarity with the poor African-American population
living there, thus leading to an assortment of world leaders such
as Nasser of Egypt and Nehru of India having to drive out to
Harlem to see him. He also met Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev,
with the two publicly condemning the poverty and racism faced by
Americans in areas like Harlem. Relations between Castro and
Khrushchev were warm; they led the applause to one another's
speeches at the General Assembly. The opening session of the
United Nations General Assembly in September 1960 was a highly
rancorous one with Khrushchev famously and boorishly banging his
shoe against his desk to interrupt a speech by Filipino delegate
Lorenzo Sumulong, which set the general tone for the debates and
speeches. Castro delivered the longest speech ever held before the
United Nations General Assembly, speaking for four and a half
hours in a speech mostly given over to denouncing American
policies towards Latin America. Subsequently, visited by Polish
first secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka, Bulgarian first secretary Todor
Zhivkov, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Indian premier
Jawaharlal Nehru, Castro also received an evening's reception from
the Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC), an activist group set up
in New York City by Robert Taber in April 1960. The FPCC's purpose
was to provide grassroots support for the Cuban Revolution against
attacks by the United States government, once Fidel Castro began
openly admitting his commitment to Marxism and began the
expropriation and nationalization of Cuban assets belonging to
U.S. corporations. The FPCC opposed the Bay of Pigs invasion of
1961, the imposition of the United States embargo against Cuba,
and was sympathetic to the Cuban view during the Cuban Missile
Crisis of 1962. Its members were placed under surveillance by the
FBI. It have many famous and good, and infamous and bad, members
and sponsors, including James Baldwin, Simone de Beauvoir, Truman
Capote, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer,
Linus Pauling, and most infamous, Lee Harvey Oswald, who obtained
significant notoriety for handing out Fair Play For Cuba leaflets
in New Orleans on August 16, 1963. Subsidiary Fair Play for Cuba
groups were set up throughout the United States and Canada. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3
Download, USB
Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, AD 53: #BOTD: #HBD! Trajan
(Latin: Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae Filius
Augustus), Roman emperor from 98 AD until his death, declared
Optimus Princeps (Latin: "The Best Ruler") by the Roman
Senate, honored for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive
public building programs and implementing social welfare policies,
which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five
Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in
the Mediterranean world, renowned as a successful soldier-emperor
who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman
history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial
extent by the time of his death (d. August 8, AD 117) is #born
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus in Italica (close to modern Sevilla) in the
province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain) into a non-patrician
family of Italian and Iberian origin. Trajan rose to prominence
during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a legatus
legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in 89 Trajan supported
Domitian against a revolt on the Rhine led by Antonius Saturninus.
In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Marcus Cocceius Nerva,
an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the
army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, culminating in a
revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard, Nerva was compelled to
adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. He died
on 27 January 98 and was succeeded by his adopted son without
incident. As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for
his extensive public building program, which reshaped the city of
Rome and left numerous enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum,
Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column. Early in his reign, he
annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, creating the province of Arabia
Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly, as the
new province possessed many valuable gold mines. Trajan's war
against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of the capital
Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His
campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial
extent. In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill
and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus, aged 63. He was
deified by the Senate and his ashes were laid to rest under
Trajan's Column. He was succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Douglas MacArthur Documentaries Set DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1945: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The End Of World War II In Asia: World War II: The
Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater,
The Pacific Theater Of World War II): The Pacific War (The
Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater, The Pacific Theater
Of World War II): The Occupation Of Japan (Japanese: Senryo-Ka No
Nihon): -- General Douglas MacArthur moves his command
headquarters to the Dai Ichi Life Insurance Building (DN Tower 21)
in Tokyo. The Government Of Tokyo designated DN Tower 21 as a
historical building in 2004. As Supreme Commander for the Allied
Powers (SCAP), MacArthur led the Allied occupation of Japan; in
Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General
Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the
occupation, including a staff of several hundred U.S. civil
servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel
effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution,
which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments.
Australian, British, Indian, and New Zealand forces under SCAP
were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth
Occupation Force. These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the
new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and
civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the
shogun-style government which Japan was ruled under until the
start of the Meiji Restoration. Biographer William Manchester
argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have
been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state,
to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he
sought to "restore security, dignity and self-respect"
to the Japanese people. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Of Moose And Men: The Rocky And Bullwinkle Story DVD, Download,
USB
Today, September 18, 2026
September 18, 1917: #BOTD: #HBD! June
Foray, American actress and voice artist (d. July 26, 2017) is
#born June Lucille Forer in Springfield, Massachusetts, one of
three children of Ida (Robinson) and Morris Forer. Her mother was
of Lithuanian Jewish and French Quebec ancestry, and her father
was a Jewish emigrant from Odessa, Russian Empire. june Foray) was
best known as the voice of such animated characters as Rocky the
Flying Squirrel, Lucifer from Disney's Cinderella, Cindy Lou Who,
Jokey Smurf, Granny from the Warner Bros. cartoons directed by
Friz Freleng, Grammi Gummi from Disney's Adventures of the Gummi
Bears series, and Magica De Spell, among many others Her career
encompassed radio, theatrical shorts, feature films, television,
record albums (particularly with Stan Freberg), video games,
talking toys, and other media. Foray was also one of the early
members of ASIFA-Hollywood, the society devoted to promoting and
encouraging animation, and is credited with the establishment of
the Annie Awards, as well as instrumental to the creation of the
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2001. She has a star on
the Hollywood Walk of Fame honoring her voice work in television.
Chuck Jones was quoted as saying: "June Foray is not the
female Mel Blanc. Mel Blanc was the male June Foray.". June
Foray died at the age of 99, less than two months before her 100th
birthday, at a hospital in Los Angeles, California, having been in
declining health since an automobile accident in 2015. She is
buried at Westwood Memorial Park in Westwood, Los Angeles County,
California. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
American Business Films Of The 20th Century MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 18, 2026
September 18: Global Company Culture Day:
-- A day for companies and organizational leaders to focus on
ensuring that their company's culture functions in a way that
maximizes productivity, profitability, and the happiness of their
employees. Global Company Culture Day was created by the Global
Company Culture Association in 2019. The term 'company culture'
has gained a lot of traction of late. It refers to "the
attitudes and behaviors of a company and its employees." It
is entirely intangible but can be observed in the way the people
in an organization behave, the values they hold, and the decisions
they make. The concept of corporate culture, or company culture,
was developed at the beginning of the 1980s and gained popularity
by the 1990s. The term was used by managers, sociologists, and
other academics to describe the culture of a particular company.
This culture includes beliefs, behaviors, value systems,
strategies, communication, relations, environment, attitude, dress
code, etc. By 2015, it was acknowledged that company culture is
not created by just founders, management, and employees of a
company, but also by "national cultures and traditions,
economic trends, international trade, company size, and products."
Advancements in technology have changed the nature of corporate
culture in recent years. Now, organizations are affected by
multiple cultures due to globalization and greater international
interactions. Successful corporate cultures often boil down to a
few characteristics. These include vision, values, practices,
people, narrative, and place. A company's culture impacts its
overall functioning. Additionally, employees might be attracted to
companies with cultures they gravitate towards. For example, for a
company that focuses on innovation, fostering a culture conducive
to it will be critical for not just functioning but also
attracting human capital that can feasibly thrive in such an
environment.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Classics Vol. 9 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash
Drive
Today, September 18, 2026September 18: Purple Bra Day (Australia):
-- We're going to show you how you can celebrate this day in the
best way possible. Do you know that it has been 22 years since
Breast Cancer Care W.A. was established? Since then the
establishment has provided financial and mental support for
thousands of people with breast cancer. Purple Bra Day, a drive
organized by Breast Cancer Care W.A. was created to encourage
people to donate to the cause and to raise awareness about breast
cancer. People celebrate this day by volunteering, raising funds,
and wearing a purple bra on top of their clothing to show support
to breast cancer patients. The discovery of breast cancer in
humans was way earlier than you would imagine it to be. Studies
show that humans had detected breast cancer as early as 2500 B.C.
The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, which is an ancient Egyptian
text containing surgical methods, has many cases of breast cancer
mentioned in it. There are some texts from 400 B.C. written by
Hippocrates that also mention cases of breast cancer in women.
During the first century, there was a belief among medical
professionals that breast cancer might have a connection with
menopause. This belief might have arisen from the fact that cancer
was mostly seen in older patients. Religion also influenced
medical practices. While some sections of society deemed surgery
barbaric, others were keener on developing surgical practices for
improving medical treatment. In 1882, the first-ever mastectomy
was performed by William Halsted. The procedure was followed until
1932, when a better method was discovered which ensured that it
was not disfiguring the patient. In 1937, radiation therapy was
used for the first time to treat cancer. Tamoxifen, a
revolutionary drug that decreased the risk of breast cancer in
women by 50% was discovered in 1998. In the year 2000, Breast
Cancer Care W.A. was founded to raise funds for breast cancer
patients and offer them support in other ways. An initiative
called Purple Bra Day was created by the organization to raise
awareness about breast cancer and to encourage people to join the
effort.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: White
Cargo (1942) Hedy Lamarr Walter Pidgeon Frank Morgan DVD MP4 USB
Today, September 18, 2026September 18, 1949: #DOTD: #RIP: Frank
Morgan, American character actor on radio, stage and film (b. June
1, 1890) #dies of a heart attack shortly after the filming of
Annie Get Your Gun in the role of Buffalo Bill had begun. His
death came before the 1956 premiere televised broadcast on CBS of
The Wizard of Oz, which made him the only major cast member from
the film who did not live to see the film's revived popularity and
how it would become an annual American television institution.
Morgan is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His tombstone
carries his real name, Phillip Wuppermann, as well as his stage
name. Frank Morgan was born Francis Phillip Wuppermann in New York
City. He was best known for his appearances in films starting in
the silent era in 1916, and then numerous sound films throughout
the 1930s and 1940s, with a career spanning 35 years mostly as a
contract player at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with his most celebrated
performance playing the title role in The Wizard Of Oz (1939). He
was also briefly billed early in his career as Frank Wupperman and
Francis Morgan.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Satellite Sky: The Space Race DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, September 18, 2026September 18, 1959: Rocket Launches: The
History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of
World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: The
United States Space Program: Earth Satellites: Project Vanguard:
Earth Science Satellites (Geoscience Satellites): Vanguard 3
(Vanguard 3C Before Launch) (Harvard Designation: 1959 ETA 1): --
Vanguard 3 is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
(CCAFS) Launch Complex 18 (LC-18) by a Vanguard rocket SLV-7
(Satellite Launch Vehicle 7; SLV-1 to SLV-6 failed to launch) at
05:20:07 UTC into Earth orbit. Vanguard 3 (international
designation 1959 Eta 1) is a scientific satellite that was
launched into Earth orbit, the third successful Vanguard launch
out of eleven attempts. Project Vanguard was a program managed by
the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and designed
and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed-Martin),
which intended to launch the first artificial satellite into Earth
orbit using a Vanguard rocket. as the launch vehicle from Cape
Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida. Vanguard 3 was an important part
of the space race between the USA and the Soviet Union.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Peter
Ustinov's Russia TV Documentary Series DVD, Video Download, USB
Today, September 18, 2026September 18, 1812: The Age Of
Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of
Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The French Revolution: The
French Revolutionary And Napoleonic Wars (The Great French War)
(The French Revolutionary Wars, The Napoleonic Wars): The
Napoleonic Wars: The French Invasion Of Russia (The Russian
Campaign, The Patriotic War Of 1812): The Fire Of Moscow (1812):
-- The 1812 Fire Of Moscow dies down after destroying more than
three-quarters of the city. Napoleon returns from the Petrovsky
Palace to the Moscow Kremlin, spared from the fire. The Gothic
Revival Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776-1780 by Matvey Kazakov
as the last station of royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to
Moscow. The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Moskovskiy Kreml), usually
referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of
Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's
Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to
the west. It is the best known of the kremlins (Russian citadels)
and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing
Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the
Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the tsar's Moscow
residence. The complex now serves as the official residence of the
President of the Russian Federation and as a museum with 2,746,405
visitors in 2017. The name "Kremlin" means "fortress
inside a city", and is often also used metonymically to refer
to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to
how "White House" is used to refer to the Executive
Office of the President of the United States. It had previously
been used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union
(1922-1991) and its highest members (such as general secretaries,
premiers, presidents, ministers, and commissars). The term
"Kremlinology" refers to the study of Soviet and Russian
politics. The 1812 Fire Of Moscow (sometimes referred to as The
Kreme Brulee) begins as soon as Russian troops and most remaining
residents abandoned the city as Napoleon' vanguard troops entered
the city following the Battle Of Borodino, the bloodiest battle of
the Napoleonic Wars. The fire destroyed almost the entire city of
Moscow. The majority of Moscow residents left the city during
August 1812.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Macbeth
(1981) Lincoln Center Theater Company DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 18, 2026September 18, 1809: Grand Openings:
Theatre Grand Openings (Theater Grand Openings): Opera House
Openings: The Royal Opera House (The Second Royal Opera House, The
Theatre Royal, Covent Garden): The Old Price Riots (The O.P.
Riots, The OP Riots: -- The second Royal Opera House, called
Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, opens in London, with a performance
of William Shakespeare's Macbeth followed by a musical
entertainment called The Quaker. The previous Royal Opera House
had been destroyed by fire. Covent Garden was one of two "patent"
theatres in London in the nineteenth century, along with Drury
Lane. When Drury Lane was burned down, Covent Garden became the
premiere theatre at that time. The actor-manager John Philip
Kemble, raised seat prices both to help recoup the cost of
rebuilding and to cover the cost of the increased ground rent
introduced by the landowner, The Duke Of Bedford. The price
increase was so unpopular that audiences disrupted performances by
beating sticks, hissing, booing and dancing, beginning The Old
Price Riots, which lasted three months until the riots forced
Kemble to make a public apology and to accede to the audience's
demands. As many as 20 people died during these riots, and many
more were wounded. Forty-five years later, on March 5, 1856, the
theatre was again destroyed by fire, as it had been on September
20, 1808.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rodgers
And Hammerstein: The Sound Of American Music DVD, MP4, USB
Today, September 18, 2026September 18, 1905: #BOTD: #HBD! Agnes De
Mille, American dancer and choreographer (d. October 7, 1993) is
#born Agnes George De Mille in New York City into a well-connected
family of theater professionals; her father William C. DeMille and
her uncle Cecil B. DeMille were both Hollywood directors. She had
a love for acting and originally wanted to be an actress, but was
told that she was "not pretty enough", so she turned her
attention to dance. As a child, she had longed to dance, but dance
at this time was considered more of an activity, rather than a
viable career option, so her parents refused to allow her to
dance. She did not seriously consider dancing as a career until
after she graduated from college. When De Mille's younger sister
was prescribed ballet classes to cure her flat feet, De Mille
joined her. De Mille lacked flexibility and technique, though, and
did not have a dancer's body. Classical ballet was the most widely
known dance form at this time, and De Mille's apparent lack of
ability limited her opportunities. She taught herself from
watching film stars on the set with her father in Hollywood; these
were more interesting for her to watch than perfectly turned out
legs, and she developed strong character work and compelling
performances. One of De Mille's early jobs, thanks to her father's
connections, was choreographing Cecil B. DeMille's film Cleopatra
(1934). De Mille arrived in New York in 1938 and later began her
association with the fledgling American Ballet Theatre (then
called the Ballet Theatre) in 1939. One of Agnes De Mille's most
overlooked but important pieces was Black Ritual or Obeah, which
she began choreographing for the newly formed Ballet Theatre's
first season. Lasting 25 minutes, this performance was created for
the "Negro Unit" of the dance company and was performed
by 16 black female dancers. This was the first representation of
black dancers in a New York ballet performance within the context
of a dominantly white company. Therefore, although it was only
performed three times before being disbanded, Black Ritual was an
unprecedented performance and played a significant role in the
history of the ballet industry of the country. While white people
often had misconceptions about black dancers and the styles they
would arbitrarily be best in, this performance forced them to
contemplate and reevaluate these thoughts about how black people
danced. De Mille's first actually recognized significant work was
Rodeo (1942), whose score was by Aaron Copland, and which she
staged for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Although De Mille
continued to choreograph nearly up to the time of her death - her
final ballet, The Other, was completed in 1992 - most of her later
works have dropped out of the ballet repertoire. Besides Rodeo,
two other De Mille ballets are performed regularly, Three Virgins
and a Devil (1934) adapted from a tale by Giovanni Boccaccio, and
Fall River Legend (1948) based on the life of Lizzie Borden. Agnes
De Mille died of a stroke in her Greenwich Village apartment, aged
88. She is buried at The Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los
Angeles, California, next to her uncle Cecil B. DeMille.
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